Global Strategy Global Strategic Management - 1794 Words

Global Strategy Global strategy is a plan developed by an organization with the purpose to growth on a global level and expand international. Global strategy has recently become a very popular area of research in the field of international strategic management. Despite this enthusiasm, however, there exists a great deal of conceptual ambiguity about what a global strategy really means (Ghoshal, 1987; Kobrin, 1991). One of the main purpose of the companies that use the global strategy is to increase sales and reduce costs by going global, usually the companies plan to manufacture in countries where labor costs are low. Businesses with global strategies ensure the coordination of prices and products when going into different markets.†¦show more content†¦International trade can lead companies to lower prices due to the economies of scale. Companies who use a well-planned global strategy are more likely to gain a competitive advantage over its efficiency, such as the access of more customers and markets, lower labor costs and raw materials, and the extension of products lines. Most of the time, global strategy helps for the company reputation and brand identification. Some companies are more successful than others in the global market, some of the drivers that determine the potential of the companies in the globalization markets are the following; cost drivers, customer drivers, competitive drivers and government drivers. The cost drivers are the global scales economies, sourcing efficiencies, high product development costs and the rapid change in the technology. The customers’ drivers are the market drives that determine the global channels, the marketing of the products, and the customer needs. The competitive drivers determine the global competitors, interdependence among countries, trade. The government drivers determine the trade policies, technical standards, and the regulations of the country. Global In the global strategy, the product is the same in all countries. The global strategy sees the world as one market with little local variation and centralized control, and the main strategy is price. The global strategy is very effective when there is little differences between the countries andShow MoreRelatedCorporate and Global Strategy: Strategic Management3676 Words   |  15 Pagesamp; Global Strategy Hemis Code: 5J3060 UNIT HANDBOOK 2011/2012 Tutors: Maria Allen Room 901d 0161 247 6527 m.allen@mmu.ac.uk Carole Forbes Room 901a 0161 247 3830 c.forbes@mmu.ac.uk Dr. Panagiotis Kokkalis Room 808a 0161 247 6641 p.kokkalis@mmu.ac.uk Rationale Strategic management has become an integral mechanism for firms operating in the global economy, which is characterised by its high level of integration and cross-national operation. Strategic management issuesRead MoreIssues in Global Business1296 Words   |  6 PagesModule Title Issues in Global Business and Strategic Concepts       Module Code 6IM 501      Module Level 6 Credit value 40      Total Number 400 of Learning Hours Key Words Implementation of Global strategy, strategy and the organisation, strategic development, globalisation, international business and the environment, internationalisation.      Module Description There has been a fundamental shiftRead MoreWeekly Reflection1188 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes not have a strategic plan in periods of catastrophic events. The problem is the train is completely off the original course after clearing the accident scene. A strategic plan with focus on long-term business objectives is important, especially in the event of a crisis. In this paper the subject is a discussion of this week’s objectives among Learning Team C. The discussion includes sustainability of long-term business operations, how global markets affect business strategy, and a long-termRead MoreGlobal Strategic Management Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Strategic Management Executive Summary In the international competitive environment, the ability of an organization to develop a transnational organizational capability is the key factor that can help the firm adapt to the changes in the dynamic environment. As the fast rate of globalization renders the traditional ways of doing business irrelevant, it is vital for managers to have a global mindset to be effective. Globalization of business has led to the emergence of global strategicRead More1. Abstract . We Have Little Knowledge About The Report,1693 Words   |  7 Pages1. ABSTRACT We have little knowledge about the report, we are discussing about the global talent management (GTM) and the role of the corporate human resource function in multinational corporations. International mobility its new forms, increased global talents hunting are the two perspectives of GTM. GTM discusses and considered primarily about the mechanisms and following the willingness to enter the emerging markets using organisational ability to maintain or managing the talents. These issuesRead MoreQuality Management775 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Quality Management on Domestic and Global Competition Paper Effects of Quality Management on Domestic and Global Competition Paper Quality Management within any organization is important because it will guide the organization to success. The goal that the organization is looking to accomplish will heavily depend on what quality of service is offered to the customers. Managers, who provide quality service will increase the level of satisfaction to the customersRead More Able Corporation Business Plan Report841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strategic Plan of Able Limited a subsidiary company of Walden International details goals for the next ten years. The plan also encompasses the strategies to achieve our initiative of breaking and leading in the global market and measures by which we will evaluate our progress. This plan is created in consideration of all our stakeholders. The plan will be updated yearly which will enable us to give account of our achievements, need for modification on new mission requirements and how to improveRead MoreHow Can Mtv Maintain Their Global Success Through Their Global Strategy an d Corporate Governance?1513 Words   |  7 Pagestheir global success through their global strategy and corporate governance? Learning goals: 1. Define global strategy and explain different types. Give examples and pro’s and cons. (Do not only explain the 4 strategies but also look in to the axes) A global strategy is a strategy that can be used when a company decides to expand their operations abroad to achieve competitive advantage and superior profitability. It defines a company s strategic guide to globalization. A global strategyRead MoreStrategic Marketing844 Words   |  4 PagesREGISTRATION:____________________________________________________ PROGRAMME: Edexcel BTEC Level 7 Professional Diploma in Strategic Management and Leadership UNIT NO/TITLE: Unit 07 / Strategic Marketing Management ASSIGNMENT NO: 1 of 2 Individual Credit Value: 10 Learning Outcomes: * Understand the principles of strategic marketing management * Understand the tools used to develop a strategic marketing strategy * Be able to respond to changes in the marketing environment Issue Date: Due Date:Read MoreStrategic Planning, Development, And Implementation Of The Organization s Goals And Objectives1427 Words   |  6 PagesStrategic Management Abstract Strategic managementis the planning, development, and implementation of the organization’s goals and objectives by senior management in regard to the company’s internal and external resources. Strategic management also involves examining the competitors and comparing them to identify which ways to be better than them. An organization should look at their strengths and weakness and compare them against those of their competitors. It should also search for opportunities

Utopia By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. - 868 Words

In 1516, Thomas More, English diplomat and philosopher wrote the book entitled Utopia (More). More coined the term Utopia, an imaginary place in which the government, laws, and social conditions are perfect (Merriam-Webster.com). More’s Utopia carries the idea that everyone within the utopian society does what is necessary for the good of the society. People live as equals according to perfectly obeyed rules. There is no private property and everyone works to support the group. Many definitions arise when the idea of an ideal society is mentioned. Individuals within a society possess different values and ideas, this, therefore, creates different views of what an ideal society is defined by. My ideal society would be quite different from the American society today. Civil Rights leader and social activist, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., also expressed what his ideal society depicted in his infamous speech, â€Å"I Have a Dream†. He delivered this speech on August 28, 1963, on the steps of the Abraham Lincoln Memorial (Garrow). In Dr. King’s ideal society, everyone would be treated equally and not discriminated against due to the color of their skin. â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.† Just like King’s ideal society, in my Utopia everyone will be treated equally and there will be no discrimination towards skin color or gender. The government would be aShow MoreRelatedIdeal Society1408 Words   |  6 Pages2010 Descriptive essay Every human known to man has their own views on what an ideal society should be like. Society is defined as a body of individuals living as members of a community. Many scholars and well known authors like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Thomas More express those ideas through public speaking or literary examples delivered to society. Although those ideas are just one person’s opinion about the subject matter. Others believe in the power of God and the belief that theRead MoreLetter From A Birmingham Jail And Barack Obama s A More Perfect Union1304 Words   |  6 PagesIn Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter from a Birmingham Jail and Barack Obama s A More Perfect Union, both leaders discussed many of the same issues. The big theme in both was about race in the United States and becoming a much more unified nation despite our race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, etc. Both of these leaders also touched on the fact that in order to solve the problems in this country, we must be unified and work together. One quote that really stood out to me in Letter ofRead MoreI Have A Dream Rhetorical Devices Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pageshistory. 1963 is the year in which Doctor Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech in the front of the Lincoln memorial in Washington, D. C. Dr. King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech uses many rhetorical devices to enhance the effectiveness of his message which states his want for freedom and racial equality for African Americans. Three rhetorical devices stand out prominently: imagery, allusion, and anaphora. Dr. King uses the rhetorical device imagery in his â€Å"I have aRead MoreHow Does Authority Influence Human Behavior? What Kinds Of Authority Are The Most Influential?2061 Words   |  9 Pagesphilosophies and actions of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X represent different tendencies in the civil rights movement? Did these men stay consistent in their approaches to justice throughout their lives? If not, how did they evolve? Although both Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were striving for the same outcome the ways that they approached the issue differed. Malcolm X believed in fighting back physically, and going to any length to reach his outcome. Whereas King believed in approachingRead MoreThe African American Civil Rights Movement1887 Words   |  8 PagesSupreme Court after Dred Scott, a slave from Missouri, claimed that he possessed a claim to freedom. The basis for this claim was that he had lived several years in both the free state and territory of Illinois and Wisconsin under watch of his master, Dr. John Emerson. Scott was married in Wisconsin to another slave and when his master had to return to Mississippi, he left the newlyweds there and leased out Scott’s labor for profit. This was unlawful because slavery was illegal in this territory. WhenRead MoreThe Sixties : The Decade Of Cultural Revolution958 Words   |  4 PagesThe sixties. The decade of cultural revolution. The de cade which explored new beginnings when experimenting with drugs, music, and innocence. However, this decade was not just an innocent utopia, as the sixties was also the decade of racism, and violence. As many important events occurred during this era, one of the most dramatic events which took place at the beginning of the sixties, and changed the way society acted against racism, was the death of fourteen year old African-American, Emmett TillRead MoreMy Thoughts And You Change Your World1500 Words   |  6 Pageswas ended. Since that day African Americans have been fighting for equal rights. One of the most powerful figures in the fight for civil rights is Martin Luther King Jr. He would participate in sit ins, marches, and say a lot of speeches. He was what Gandhi was to India; they both believed in civil disobedience. One day in Birmingham, Alabama Dr. King was arrested for practicing civil disobedience, but in jail he still impacted us all. He wrote, â€Å"We have waited 340 years for our constitutional andRead MoreEssay about A Free Society Must Expect Civil Disobedience1758 Words   |  8 Pagesdefine an unjust law. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. (King, 3) According to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority compels a minority group to obey, but does not make binding on itself. (King, 4)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The definition I will take is a combination of these two. I define an unjust law as one that degrades human personality throughRead MoreUnjust Laws1747 Words   |  7 Pagesdefine an unjust law. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. (King, 3) According to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority compels a minority group to obey, but does not make binding on itself. (King, 4) The definition I will take is a combination of these two. I define an unjust law as one that degrades human personality through the unfair suffering of aRead Moreethical decision making16006 Words   |  65 Pageshealth care is one where everything known to medicine the is applied to every individual by the highest trained medical scientist in the most specialized institutions. † —M. Charlesworth, past director of the World Health Organization, 1993 Dr. Pat Kurtz, chapter author, counseling an elderly patient about a living will.  © Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 1786X_CH11_248_269.pdf 250 12/30/08 10:30:31 AM CHAPTER 11 Ethics and Health some of the

Accounting and Auditing Crazy computers Free Essays

FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) plays the role of determining Generally Accepted Accounting Principles to ensure proper accounting standards are followed. According to FASB, revenue is recognized once it is earned. Commission in Crazy Computer’s case is recognized immediately since Crazy Computers collects the cash on behalf of Third Party insurance and then pays it. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting and Auditing: Crazy computers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Commission however should not be added to sales because when balancing the equation, Sales is equal to opening stock plus purchases less closing stock. This means that by adding commission to sales the equation may not balance and it will be exaggerated. The commission revenue consists of income and it is therefore used in the final statements of accounts to calculate the profit of the business. Commission received from TPI can therefore be used when coming up with profits for the year. In case Third Party Insurance agrees to re insure, revenue to be obtained from Third Party Insurance (TPI) will only be recognized after Third Party Insurance pays up the amount to Captive Insurance Company (CIC). Commission revenue can only be recognized immediately if Crazy Computers will automatically be deducted from the $110 that the company gives to Third Party Insurance so that it does not have to wait for TPI to pay. This would mean that Crazy Computers would have $165 at the end of the sale then give $25 to TPI. However, it may not show whether the computers on their own were able to sustain themselves without the boost from the commissions earned. When Crazy Computers introduce CIC, they will still get the commission but it will be offset when the amount received from TPI is added. Even as Crazy Computers recognizes revenue from sale of third party insurance on behalf of TPI, it should be careful when it comes to receiving the money back for re-insurance through CIC. The best method to account for the funds to be collected from the Captive Insurance is to do them separately from Crazy Computers. This is because Crazy Computers and CIC are two different kinds of businesses. FASB advices that in order to check the progress of a business it is good to gauge its profitability which is done by subtracting the expenses from sales made by the business. This will ensure that when it comes to paying claims, revenue received from Crazy Computers should not be used for CIC obligations. It will also ensure that the money collected from CIC is not to be used in the computer business unless Crazy Computers borrows from CIC. If Crazy Computers was to account for CIC revenue together with the computer revenue, calculating profits would get complicated since the revenue received is not made from sales only. In other words, treating the two businesses as separate entities will ensure the profitability of the two can be determined. Crazy Computer’s idea to create a wholly owned subsidiary would be a good idea if the Third Party Insurer agrees to re-insure with them. Based on the transaction illustrated in the case study, currently Crazy computers pay $110 for insurance such that TPI takes responsibility for any obligations from customers. Because CC gets commission for every sale made then from the $200 received it is left with $80 after paying the sales persons $10. With the introduction of CIC and if TPI agrees to re insure with CIC, CC will get $ 85 back out of the $110 paid to TPI. This means that cash received goes up from $80 to $165. CIC would therefore be profitable. However, in case of any third party obligations CIC will be solely responsible. This is why it is extremely important for Crazy Computers to ensure that CIC’s income does not mix with computer income so as to ensure each department can sustain its own expenses. Word count (635). Reference FASB. (2008). Financial Accounting Standards and Revenue Recognition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http/www.fasb.org. How to cite Accounting and Auditing: Crazy computers, Papers

Cerebral Palsy With Respect to Heart-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a review on Cerebral Palsy with respect to Heart. Answer: Introduction: Literature review is an essential part in research process. The main objective of reviewing this topic on cerebral palsy in children is to find out reflect the previous work that has been done with respect to the problem and to find out the strategic interventions. The information from the review will further give clues to conduct future studies. The various disorders responsible for the impairment of motor functioning in the children, Cerebral Palsy (CP) plays a vital role, a common reason behind the physical disability in children throughout the world affecting more than 2.5 children per 1000 births in United States (Pakula, Braun Yeargin-Allsopp, 2009). An estimation of 8000 infants with addition of approximately 1,500 children of pre-school age is clinically diagnosed with CP each year (Islam et al., 2015). Etiology: The term cerebral palsy refers to disorientation in body movement. The disorder relates to posture deformities due to lesion formed in immature brain (Tugui Antonescu, 2013). The modified definition of cerebral palsy showed the involvement various syndromes such as the motor impairment and abnormalities in the brain during the early development period (Fazzi et al., 2012). Later, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Heath (ICF) gave the revised definition of the cerebral palsy disorder by incorporating the concepts developed by the committee proposing that Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term in which the activities are restrained permanently during body movement and maintaining posture, attributing to hindrance in the developing infant brain. The disorders of the motor system comprise disturbed sensation, abnormal perception and problem in cognitive and communicative behavior with problems in secondary musculoskeletal (Rinehart et al., 2013). Categorization of Cerebral palsy: Cerebral palsy is categorized based on the motor impairment prognosis in the developing children. This clinical disorder is a complex group of syndromes manifested at various levels (Fazzi et al., 2012). Importance of categorization into groups is vital in understanding the problem status and its prognosis. Based on the nature of the syndrome the upcoming status can be predicted and therefore the individual variations can be evaluated at various point of time. Understanding all the features of cerebral palsy can help to identify the incidental time and properties and thereby providing education to the family members regarding the prognosis by providing relevant services (Barua, Kaushik Gulati, 2017). The classification of the disorder is based on topographical distribution, severity level and the kind of disorder related to mobility. The terms linked with CP are hemiplegia, diplegia and quadriplegia. Monoplegia and triplegia are also known (Boyd et al., 2013). Diplegia with muscle s pasm is related to problems in the gross motor functioning specially in the lower part of limbs (Dreher et al., 2012). The mobility impairment in all limbs including the trunk portion and disrupted speech with language defect refers to spastic quadriplegia. The hemiplegic affects one side of the body (Moreno-De-Luca, Ledbetter Martin, 2012). The most prevalent disorder with respect to movement is the spastic cerebral palsy characterized by disrupted voluntary movement with exaggerated reflex action accounting 85 % of the individual with CP (Beyaert, Vasa Frykberg, 2015). There is little evidence regarding the classification of CP based on severity, thus in order to understand the management of CP, additional features should be considered in future studies. Influence on heart rate due to motor impairment: Children suffering with CP recorded autonomic dysfunction linked with altered heart rate including other deficits such as impairment of muscle strength, change in the movement velocity, and increased demand of energy in motor activities with abnormal cardiovascular capacity (Toledo, 2012). The regulation of the heart rate depends on the differentiated sympathetic and the parasympathetic pathways of the efferent nervous system that determines the beats oscillations (Olufsen Ottesen, 2013). Children with CP shows disoriented sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways that arise due to lesion formation in the brain affecting the autonomic modulation (Santos et al., 2017). The pathological reasons behind fast heart rates can be evaluated by studying the varied heart rate in standing and with face upwards termed supine postures. Experimental study: The studies conducted on the children with CP and the normal children taken as control with normal development of motor system of same age, showed elevated heart rate both in resting condition and also while performing exercises in case of children with CP in their daily life activities (Robert et al., 2013). The increased heart rate was due to elevated motor impairment and the children with CP were classified in different levels based on Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) (Grecco et al., 2013). The individuals who lacked mobility was classified as level IV and V whereas the ones who walked without any assistance was level I and III (Kenyon et al., 2017). Thus to understand the effect on heart functionality, it is essential to understand the modulation of the autonomic nervous system by comparing between the children with palsy and the one with normal motor function. In an experiment conducted on children with spastic CP with both male and female individual aged 93 ye ars with 12 children having 5 females and 7 males were classified with restricted functions according to GMFCS. The control group which was taken aged 82 years with 16 children having 11 female and 5 males. The children with restrained understanding and under medications were not included in the study (Miller et al., 2012). Results: All the readings of the varied heart rate and the intervals of R-R were recorded both in supine and in standing position, in which spontaneous breathing recorded 10-20 heart rates (Schfer Vagedes, 2013). Each posture was maintained for 15 minutes without any movement and speech. The statistical results showed no significant difference in the values of age and gender both in the experimental and the control group. The R-R intervals analysis in supine position showed high HFnu (High Frequency normalized units) and low LFnu (Low Frequency normalized units) in the control group with respect to experimental group having no significant variation in the intergroup. The data in the standing position showed low HFnu and increased LFnu values in the control group with lowered heart rate in standing posture with respect to supine position (Khodor et al., 2014). The results of the experimental group showed same results as the control group. The assessment showed that individuals didnt show any gender discrepancies thereby maintaining homogeneity. The variation of the heart rate is dependent on age, as the parasympathetic and the mediated sympathetic system alter with the development resulting in greater heart rate variability (Stein Pu, 2012).The experimental group in supine posture showed greater dominance of the autonomic sympathetic in the heart rate with respect to the control. This information reflected that the children with CP have elevated energy expenditure due to altered muscular tone and involuntary mobilities. Another point that was observed, the control showed adjusted modulated heart rate during changing from supine to standing posture. This adjustment was absent in the experimental group. This could be related to the findings that apart from the lesions in cerebral of the CP children depriving the hemispherical influences to modulate the autonomic mechanism, there is a consequent decrease in autonomic cardiac regulation (Daulatzai, 2012). Studying the corr elation between GMFCS and different frequency unit values gives a positive finding that in standing posture, higher the rate of impairment in motor system, lower the varied heart rate. Thus the children with limited functions show less mobility with increased energy expenses and decreased cardiopulmonary resistance (Brunton Rice, 2012). The CP children showed lowered parasympathetic deliverables in adjusting the heart rate. Exercise test in children with Cerebral Palsy: The children with CP have restrained fitness in daily activities. The levels of fitness are studied through exercise tests. The exercise tests play a primary role in measuring the physical fitness of CP children (Maltais et al., 2014). The tests are integrated into three fitness categories. The test for measuring the aerobic capacity, termed as the sub maximal exercise tests not considering the maximum effort of the concerned individual with minimal exercise, avoiding any fatigue state. Another test is to record the maximum amount of oxygen consumed per unit time from start to exhaustion stage, the third one is the measurement of the anaerobic potential pathways. The tests performed on the individuals with CP, can offer significant results to see whether improving or declining. As there is no such evidence to particularize the tests based on the CP types, a developed set of exercise based measurements can aid the therapists to upgrade better understandings in conducting particular te st on the basis of requirement. Based on this, Delphi tests can be implemented which surveys the individual giving their feedback to bring out the consensus (Dalen et al., 2013). Minute Walking Test (MWT): Among the various exercise tests, the walking test is relevant as it is simple to conduct, less expensive, and safe to perform on children with CP (Pathare, Haskvitz Selleck, 2012). Six minute walk is one of the exercise tests which have been found to be productive to assess the walking ability in the children with CP facing problem in mobility. The twelve minute walk test was modified to examine the problems in the respiratory disorders to determine the maximum oxygen requirement. These tests were later altered to 6 minutes or 2 minutes which were of equal importance and consumes less time. Among the 2 minutes, 12 minutes, 6 minute walk tests, 6MWT was found to be more useful and relevant in measuring the exercising capacity of the children with CP having respiratory and chronic heart disease (Singh et al., 2014). The 6MWT can analyze the fitness level of the cardio respiratory system both in the children with CP and the controlled healthy children. Evaluation of Minute Walk Test: In order to evaluate the assessment of the 6MWT on the children with CP, an experiment on children with level I and II according to GMFCS aged between 10 and 16 years divided into two groups was conducted (Grecco et al., 2013). In one group there were twenty children showing hemiplegic syndrome and the other group comprises 4 children with diplegic nature. The division of groups was made on age, gender, height, body mass and CP type. At the initial stage the gas exchange test was conducted on them using the 6WMT which was again performed on one group after a week to record the reproducibility. And the second group finished the walking program in 8 weeks (Shoemaker et al., 2013). The walking program consists of 3 times walking of 40 minutes per week which was continued for 8 weeks, the intensity of the oxygen uptake peak being 50% (VO2 peak) recorded in the 6WMT trails. In performing the 6MWT the children were provided with a gas analyzer before starting the test. The test is designed according to standard recommendations in which 2 lines were set with a gap of 20m (Abun et al., 2015). The children were said to walk depending on capacity for 6 minutes without any external support. The data were recorded at the resting stage, during performing the 6MWT and at the end followed by a recovery period of 5 minutes. Discussion: The data obtained from the gas exchange test in 6MWT can be considered as a method in evaluating the exercise test in rehabilitation program. The importance of the study gives the movement capabilities of the CP children among the level I, II, III and IV (classified by GMFCS) (Grecco et al., 2013). Results showed that the children with level III CP walked 223m less than the children taken as control in 6 minutes walk test in average (Kamp et al., 2014). Same was found in children with CP level I, II and IV walked less than the control children. These results confirm the fact that CP can be one of the reasons that affects the movement ability even in the child with lowest motor CP dysfunction (Cantin, Ryan Polatajko, 2014). Some of the barriers in performing the 6MWT included the levels of motivating the children in experiment and variation in interpreting the commands so to modify this use of rubber bands or wheels were used as incentive providing the participant an urge to complete the test (Dawson et al., 2013). One of the statistical studies showed that age was the only factor that imposed significant impact on the 6MWT values but still the prediction value was too low (Casillas et al., 2015). Evaluation of result, correlated with previous studies showed non consistent trend in the results. The age influence on the variation of the 6MWT values agreed with studies carried out by Hugo-Hamman (2017) conducted on children with ages between 4-16 years. Another significance of 6MWT provides a better patients index defining the performance on daily basis. Limitations: The limitations in conducting the 6MWT had no such assessment to understand the intellectual ability. This led to the defects with children having CP suffering from cognitive abnormalities and experience minimal understanding of commands given to them. Future prospects: All the studies conducted by 6MWT on the children with CP at different levels should significant differences with the controlled children. Age being one of the factors in determining the levels of CP requires further research to explore more findings (McIntyre et al., 2013). More research work in assessing the heart rate to investigate the amount of energy expenditure should be done (Reiner et al., 2013). Physiological monitoring can help to understand that whether elevated 6MWT is directly proportional to higher activities performed daily by children with CP. References: Abun, V., Jimnez, C., Palacios, A., Rodrguez, I. (2015). Physiology Meeting.Pediatric Exercise Science,27, 1-104. Barua, M., Kaushik, J. S., Gulati, S. (2017). Legal provisions, educational services and health care across the lifespan for autism spectrum disorders in India.The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 1-7. Beyaert, C., Vasa, R., Frykberg, G. E. (2015). Gait post-stroke: Pathophysiology and rehabilitation strategies.Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology,45(4), 335-355. Boyd, R. N., Jordan, R., Pareezer, L., Moodie, A., Finn, C., Luther, B., ... Weir, K. (2013). Australian Cerebral Palsy Child Study: protocol of a prospective population based study of motor and brain development of preschool aged children with cerebral palsy.BMC neurology,13(1), 57. Brunton, L. K., Rice, C. L. (2012). Fatigue in cerebral palsy: a critical review.Developmental neurorehabilitation,15(1), 54-62. Cantin, N., Ryan, J., Polatajko, H. J. (2014). Impact of task difficulty and motor ability on visual-motor task performance of children with and without developmental coordination disorder.Human movement science,34, 217-232. Casillas, J. M., Joussain, C., Gremeaux, V., Hannequin, A., Rapin, A., Laurent, Y., Benam, C. (2015). A study of the 200-metre fast walk test as a possible new assessment tool to predict maximal heart rate and define target heart rate for exercise training of coronary heart disease patients.Clinical rehabilitation,29(2), 175-183. Dalen, H. E., Nyquist, A., Saebu, M., Roe, C., Bautz-Holter, E. (2013). Implementation of ICF in goal setting in rehabilitation of children with chronic disabilities at Beitostolen Healthsports Centre.Disability and rehabilitation,35(3), 198-205. Daulatzai, M. A. (2012). Quintessential risk factors: their role in promoting cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimers disease.Neurochemical research,37(12), 2627-2658. Dawson, A., Knox, J., McClure, A., Foley, N., Teasell, R. (2013). Stroke rehabilitation.Canadian best practice recommendations for stroke care. Heart and Stroke Foundation and the Canadian Stroke Network, Ottawa, Ontario Canada. Dreher, T., Vegvari, D., Wolf, S. I., Geisbsch, A., Gantz, S., Wenz, W., Braatz, F. (2012). Development of knee function after hamstring lengthening as a part of multilevel surgery in children with spastic diplegia: a long-term outcome study.JBJS,94(2), 121-130. Fazzi, E., Signorini, S. G., La Piana, R., Bertone, C., Misefari, W., Galli, J., ... Bianchi, P. E. (2012). Neuro?ophthalmological disorders in cerebral palsy: ophthalmological, oculomotor, and visual aspects.Developmental Medicine Child Neurology,54(8), 730-736. Grecco, L. A. C., Zanon, N., Sampaio, L. M. M., Oliveira, C. S. (2013). A comparison of treadmill training and overground walking in ambulant children with cerebral palsy: randomized controlled clinical trial.Clinical rehabilitation,27(8), 686-696. Hugo-Hamman, C. (2017). Track 4: Adults with congenital heart disease, and the prevention of acquired heart disease starting in childhood.SA Heart Journal,10(1), 163-191. Islam, J. Y., Keller, R. L., Aschner, J. L., Hartert, T. V., Moore, P. E. (2015). Understanding the short-and long-term respiratory outcomes of prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,192(2), 134-156. Kamp, F. A., Lennon, N., Holmes, L., Dallmeijer, A. J., Henley, J., Miller, F. (2014). Energy cost of walking in children with spastic cerebral palsy: relationship with age, body composition and mobility capacity.Gait posture,40(1), 209-214. Kenyon, L. K., Westman, M., Hefferan, A., McCrary, P., Baker, B. J. (2017). A home-based body weight supported treadmill training program for children with cerebral palsy: A case series.Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 1-10. Khodor, N., Matelot, D., Carrault, G., Amoud, H., Khalil, M., Ville, N., ... Hernandez, A. (2014). Kernel based support vector machine for the early detection of syncope during head-up tilt test.Physiological measurement,35(10), 2119. Maltais, D. B., Wiart, L., Fowler, E., Verschuren, O., Damiano, D. L. (2014). 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Use these 8 words to describe yourself during a job interview.

Use these 8 words to describe yourself during a job interview. You know you’re going to be asked about yourself in a job interview, so don’t get caught tongue-tied. It’s smart to have a small collection of adjectives that describe you well and show you off in your best light- bonus points if they aren’t the same old tired words everybody else is using. Often the best strategy here is to think of action verbs, then modify them into adjective form. Think about how you would sincerely describe yourself- both personally and at the office- then put together a list and memorize it for ultimate interview success.Here are some 8 powerful examples interviewers are sure to love.1. CommunicativeCommunication is one of the most highly valued skills by most employers, so this is a shrewd word to use. It suggests that you’re a people person, you are effective at disseminating information, you care about connecting with your clients and coworkers, and you are intelligent enough to do so clearly and professionally. Plus, you c an segue this into concrete examples of how you used your communication skills to problem solve.2. DrivenIf you’d rather, â€Å"ambitious† works here, as well- any adjective that shows you are not just showing up to work for the paycheck and the free coffee is great. These words prove that you are in it to win it- both to advance yourself in your career and, in the meantime, to advance the company and its most important goals. Subtext: no one is going to need to hound or micromanage you to keep you motivated. You’re â€Å"self-motivating.†3. MeticulousThis word hints at your attention to detail, your precision, your organizational skills, your ability to prioritize, and the fact that you hate letting anything slip through any cracks. If you’re meticulous, you’re thorough and self-managing and trustworthy. See how much work this kind of word can do?4. Reliableâ€Å"Consistent† or â€Å"accountable† are also good ones. Youâ€℠¢re in it for the team- you don’t just show up for you. You realize that your work is part of an ecosystem of other people’s projects and you don’t let anybody down. You’re not late for work, or for meetings. You can be relied upon to do your job, do it well, and deliver whatever needs to be done.5. ImpactfulGo ahead and say what a difference you made at your last gig. Go ahead and gloat. You come on the job and get things done. You can totally brag here at this point, and throw in a mention of any accomplishments or awards you may have earned along the way. This word shows you don’t just make promises; you get results.6. PersistentYou don’t quit until the job is done (and done well). What’s more, you’ll get the project done on time. You’ll put in the extra work until the solution is found. This conveys that you’re â€Å"results-oriented,† as well.7. FlexibleYou’re not rigid. You think outside the bo x. You’re able to adapt to challenging circumstances and find the work-around that no one else can see. You adapt on the go and keep adapting. You’re the kind of employer everybody wants because you’re willing to do things outside the purview of your job description- provided it makes sense for the company and for the goals of your team.8. Team playerIt’s always good to round off a list of descriptors of yourself with something that conveys a bit of humility- your willingness to sacrifice your own time and ambitions now and then for the good of the group. â€Å"Team player† transitions easily enough to a description of how you’re also a â€Å"leader†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ for those of you who want to score that last bonus point.

PRODUCT REASSESSMENT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PRODUCT REASSESSMENT - Research Paper Example This paper focuses on providing a plan to reposition dial-up internet services to a new target market. This could in essence mean a new use for dial-up internet service. Repositioning and Target market For dial-up internet service providers such as NetZero and America Online to regain their internet market share, there is a need for such providers to conduct product repositioning. This will require that these providers change the identity of their product in relation to that of their competitors. Dial-up service providers need to identify new loopholes in their market and promote their product based on a new criterion (Morley & Charles, 2012). Broadband internet providers have taken a large chunk of the market share and appear to make the dial-up internet outdated. Broadband internet providers offer higher internet speeds to its customers and at a higher cost than that of dial-up internet providers. Despite the apparent takeover by broadband internet, many areas remain without intern et connection. This gets attributed to factors such as location, population, profitability, and cost of setting up infrastructure by internet service providers (Morley & Charles, 2012). ... According to Pew Research center (2012), 81 % of American adults have access to the internet. Sixty six percent of those who have access to the internet from home use broadband connection. According, to the research center, 95% of teens have internet access (Joannna & Lee, 2012). The Pew research center indicates that only 3% of Americans with home internet access use dial-up services. Among the 3% who still use the dial-up internet, price got given as the main reason for not switching to broadband connection (Joannna & Lee, 2012). The US census bureau indicates that dial-up internet service use is high in states such as Maine, Alaska, Arkansas, Mississippi, Vermont and West Virginia with over 5% of households in these states using the dial-up internet. With these current demographics on the dial-up internet accessibility, effort should get geared at increasing the current 3% of the dial-up internet users in the market (Joannna & Lee, 2012). Research needed to reposition dial-up inte rnet services Dial-up service providers need to reposition dial-up services to maintain unique innovations not found with other broadband or mobile providers currently offering Internet services. When a brand gets to provide consumers with perceptions of self-expansion, they are more likely to be loyal. Major dial-up providers still holding onto the dial-up business model should be looking for opportunities to expand services, such as including free or reduced home line telephone services as a means of incentivizing purchase. By expanding into home phone service, dial-up marketers can regain some ground on lost revenues that occurred as a product of competition and changing social and professional lifestyles. Dial-up marketers could utilize

Economics - war, crime, and terror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics - war, crime, and terror - Essay Example It is evident that war and other terror attacks are known to cause economic and psychological effects of varying intensity. Nonetheless, these impacts come from the indirect costs of crimes that differ through sectors, countries and time (Schneider & Meierrieks 17). The most notable consequence associated with crimes is the human loss. Terror activities are known to cause civilian mortalities ranging from hostage takeover to the bombings (Schneider & Meierrieks 14). Although this does not seem like a direct economic impact; however, panic is known to influence the economy. It affects consumption, as well as investment behavior of persons that can lead to market disturbances. Therefore, the feeling of insecurity has several repercussions hence can disrupt the population’s spending behavior. Businesses are the major targets of any terror attack (Schneider & Meierrieks 28). As a result, this affect the way insurance operates since the risks of terrorism are difficult to quantify the prices. Many people have argued that the economic consequence of international crime remains a medium to a long term issue (Schneider & Meierrieks 44). Civilization is important in the sense of believing that we are all under God. We are not supposed to be too hard on ourselves instead we should embrace love to one another. In addition, our Lord Jesus Christ will always be there for us, and he is not the kind to choose violence at the expense of peace. As a result, some parties will withdraw the troops and others mention the aim of strengthening their military in order to have a stronger nation. War is likely to have a significant impact to the change of foreign policy. Some of the target sectors in the policy include security and military. It is imperative that these aspects have a considerable impact on the economy of the country that enforces the policy (Schneider & Meierrieks 42). As a

MGT A7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGT A7 - Essay Example Leadership and management are two distinctive functions that an organization should have. They are the Conner stones of success and growth of an organization. There should be a balance between management and leadership of an organization. Kotter article has explained that most companies in United States of America do not have equilibrium the two different functions. A number of corporations within US put more emphasis and attention on management with little attention on leadership. More successful corporations in US seek qualified personnel who posses leadership qualities and employ them to take on crucial roles that require ability to lead well. Such companies balance strong leadership with strong management propelling them to success (Kotter, 2001). Basing on the functions that this article has given to leaders and managers, a successful corporation should have more leaders as compared to managers. This article has cited an example a military setup to explain how leadership is more important than management in an organization. In this example, a peacetime army can succeed with good leadership at the highest ranks. In addition, good leadership at all levels is important to ensure success. This example explains that good leadership at the top hierarchies of an organization determines the success of that organization. All levels of a corporation need to have good leadership to ensure success. An organization should go through with variations in time many changes. Changes within an organization or external changes are unavoidable. A crucial function of leadership is coping with changes within and outside an organization. This is a key function because in the past years there has been a rapid increase in market competition between organizations. Organizations should adopt a number of changes in order to compete successfully with its competitors. Failure to cope up with market changes can lead to collapse of a company due to

The Great Healthcare Debate: Liberalism versus Conservatism

The Great Healthcare Debate: Liberalism versus Conservatism Alex Fisher A large issue in todays society is healthcare. The clashing ideas about what should be done within the realm of healthcare is such a big deal now more than ever since we have a recently elected president. Much like other issues, there are clashing ideas from different political parties; this case will highlight those of liberals and conservatives. It is important to note that liberals and conservatives tend to clash on all aspects of healthcare such as: amount of government intervention, access or entitlement to healthcare, and federally mandated insurance. Furthermore, it must be stated that each partys stance on these aspects demonstrates a key idea or pillar of their party. The first main aspect of the healthcare debate between the two parties is the amount or level of government involvement. The conservative side argues for minimal government involvement so that healthcare, just like the overall economy, runs like a free market. This facet of the conservative healthcare argument can be traced back to the concept that the conservative perceives the need for prudent restraints upon power and upon human passions (Kirk, 4). Kirk further explains this point of view by stating that The conservative endeavors to so limit and balance political power that anarchy or tyranny may not arise (4). Additionally, this point of view can also be traced back to the conservative concept that there must survive orders and classes, differences in material condition, and many sorts of inequality attempts at levelling must lead, at best, to social stagnation (3). Essentially, Kirk is explaining that conservatives believe that unless there is a natural hierarchy with competiti on, a society will stagnate or lose the ability to progress. After piecing together these pillars of conservative view, it is not surprising that the current conservative argument is for healthcare to be run like any other business in our economy with free market ideals. With this being said, there is a liberal side to the argument of government involvement in healthcare. Their point of view is the complete opposite of the conservatives in that they believe that everyone in the healthcare field should be equal, therefore getting rid of the competition that fuels the free market. The liberal background that influences this point of view is a bit more complex than that of conservatives. One concept in liberalism is that there is a natural state in which mankind falls into. This state of nature involves a natural hierarchy of physical and mental strength; however, it must be stated that this hierarchy will lead to competition; For as to the strength of body, the weakest has strength enough to kill the strongest, wither by secret machination or by confederacy with others that are in the same danger with himself (Hobbes, 1). At first, this concept seems to parallel with the competition and free market ideals of conservatism. However, there is a caveat to this liberal view. Liberals recognize this state of nature, and then argue that mankind should forgo this state for the good of society. Hobbes explains that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war (2). This statement explains the idea that the duration in which mankind is living without a governing power, they are in constant war with each other due to the high levels of competition in the state of nature. Furthermore: In such condition there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and continual fear, and danger of violent death (Hobbes, 2) Essentially, this concept in liberalism is that mankind must forgo the vicious competition and violence found in the natural state in order for society, industry, and culture to even exist. These aspects cannot be established if man is more concerned with preserving his own life, and ending that of others to get ahead. For this reason, the liberals are arguing for more equality and less of a business or free market model in the healthcare field. The second main point of contention in the healthcare debate is the question of who should and should not be entitled to healthcare. It is important to note that both liberals and conservatives agree that everyone should get healthcare. The difference in views is found when it comes the financial aspect of healthcare entitlement. Conservatives believe that if you have money to pay for healthcare, you should be paying for it. They do not believe in government assistance for healthcare if you can pay for it yourself. Essentially, it goes back to the old adage that there is no such thing as a free lunch; except in this case its healthcare instead of lunch. This concept can be explained through the conservative concept that conservatives are guided by their principle of prudence (Kirk, 3). What this means that Any public measure ought to be judged by its probable long-run consequences, not merely by temporary advantage or popularity (3). Conservatives do not want to just start handing ou t healthcare for free or at discounted prices because it would have a hefty impact on the economy in the long-run. In the present time, the general population would love to have free or even cheap healthcare, but the United States economy is not in the position to be able to do that. This is what the conservatives are thinking about when refusing to give handouts. Conversely, the liberal view is that even if you could pay for healthcare, you should not go broke for it. This concept can be traced back to the liberalistic idea that the whole purpose of government is the preservation of property (Locke, 3). Furthermore, this connects to their idea of abandoning the state of nature because The great purpose for which men enter into society is to be safe and at peace in their use of their property (Locke, 3). Forcing people to pay for healthcare until they reach bankruptcy violates these ideas. By making people give up all their money for such a basic right like healthcare, the government is no longer preserving the property (or money) of the people in the society. To take this concept even further, there are things that liberals believe a governing body cannot do. Among this list is it doesnt and cant possibly have absolutely arbitrary power over the lives and fortunes of the people (Locke, 4). It should also be noted that Locke stated that legislature can never have a right to destroy, enslave, or deliberately impoverish the subjects (5). Making people pay for healthcare until they no longer can, instead of giving government assistance completely goes against these liberal ideals. It is for this reason that liberals prefer to provide assistance for healthcare even if the person has the ability to pay for it. The third focus of the healthcare debate is the concept of federally mandated insurance. This refers to whether decisions about laws involving healthcare and health insurance should be left to the federal government or if it should be an issue that is decided on a state by state basis. According to an article by Michael Bihari, MD: Mandated health insurance laws passed at either the federal or state level usually fall into one of three categories: Health care services or treatments that must be covered, such as substance abuse treatment. Healthcare providers other than physicians, such as acupuncturists. Dependents and other related individuals, such as adopted children Essentially, what Dr. Bihari is saying is that the most common mandated healthcare laws involve the coverage of necessary treatments, specialists, and dependents. After getting a good idea of what these mandated healthcare laws typically are, it should be aware that the most common debate on this aspect is who gets to decide if the law gets passed or not. Should each state get to choose if they want to pass and recognize the laws set forth or should the federal government pass healthcare laws for the entire nation? A subset of this question is should people face financial penalties if they fail to comply with these mandates? The conservative view on this matter is that these decisions should be made on the state level, not federal. Furthermore, the conservative party argues against any form of monetary penalties if people fail to adhere to these healthcare laws. For example, under the Affordable Care Act, there is fine for people that do not have health insurance. The conservative view is against this concept of health insurance mandate compliance. This side of the argument can be traced back to the conservative pillar that conservatives uphold voluntary community, quite as they oppose involuntary collectivism (Kirk, 4). Additionally, conservatives believe that: the decisions most directly affecting the lives of citizens are made locally and voluntarily. Some of these functions are carried out by local political bodies, others by private associations; so long as they are kept local, and are marked by the general agreement of those affected, they constitute healthy community. (Kirk, 4) In laymans terms, conservatives believe that decisions that greatly impact citizens, such as healthcare, should be decided by a governing body close to the population. This big of a decision cannot and should not be made by the federal governing body since each state has a different set of circumstances. There is no way that the federal government is completely aware of the needs of the people of each state. Furthermore, conservatives are against forced collectivism. Leaving healthcare mandates to the federal level means that these decisions are being made for the entire nation. It is forced collectivism by means of the nation instead of the individuality of each state. Moreover, giving that kind of collective power to the federal government gives way to a standardizing process hostile to freedom and human dignity (Kirk, 4). Each state should have the freedom and ability to decide what is best to uphold or bolster the standard of living created in each. Furthermore, each person shoul d be given the freedom to make their own choices about a personal matter such as healthcare. Penalizing people for not complying with healthcare mandates takes away this freedom of decision. On the contrary, liberals argue for healthcare mandates on the federal level. They also support the idea of monetary penalties for noncompliance. This aligns with the current themes seen in the Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare. The Affordable Care Act is a federally mandated healthcare act that penalizes people that do not have insurance. This view can be explained by the classical liberal idea that: The only way to erect such a common power, as may be able to defend them from the invasion of foreigners, and the injuries of one another, and thereby to secure them in such sort as that by their own industry and by the fruits of the earth they may nourish themselves and live contentedly, is to confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, thay may reduce all their wills, by plurality of voices, unto one will. (Hobbes, 3) What Hobbes is saying is that in order to organize the chaos of the state of nature, the people must decide on a person or group of people to represent all their voices and decisions in one. Additionally, Hobbes further explains the scope of this assembly of men: every one to own and acknowledge himself to be author of whatsoever he that so beareth their person shall act in those things which concern the common peace and safety; and therein submit their wills and their judgements to his judgement. (3) This further explanation translates into the concept that liberals believe that government should have a large amount of power and intervention. This is the reason why the liberals are arguing for federally mandated healthcare laws. Another level of that increased government power and intervention is the aspect of financial penalty for noncompliance. These fines are ensuring that everyone is following their mandates. In conclusion, the debate on healthcare has been going on for several years and has shown no signs of stopping anytime soon. The liberal and conservative parties have clashing views on aspects of this debate such as the amount of government involvement, access or entitlement to healthcare, and if healthcare should be federally mandated. The views or arguments of these parties can be explained and traced back to key ideas or pillars of their party. Conservatives favor less government intervention, prudent reform, and local governing bodies whereas liberals favor more government intervention, equality or less competition, and that a government should not deliberately impoverish their community. https://www.verywell.com/mandated-health-insurance-benefits-1738931

West Indies :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Countless of years ago a great mountain range stretched north from what is now the topmost coast of South America, the range was in a constant state of upheaval, lashed by continuous rains, swept by storms, with fire spouting from every peak finally the mountains dropped beneath the sea, quieted most of the volcanoes. The exposed peaks were covered with verdure of fantastic beauty, and left these peaks above the sea to form the chain of West Indian islands as we know today. Although they were islands surrounded by the Caribbean Sea, and are nowhere near Asian India, they were still considered the West Indian islands. Then why the concept of West Indian, we ask? Christopher Columbus, who discovered these islands, can surely explain why he gave such a name to islands that were never Indian descent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus the West Indies were given this name through his mistaken belief that he had reached the Indies, and he himself wrote of them as Las Yndias Ocidentales, referred to as the accidental Indies. After the mistake was realized they were later called them West Indies to distinguish them from the East Indies and at the time in the sixteenth century they were known as the Little Indies, while the East Indies were called the Great Indies. The native inhabitants of the West Indies and America were called Indians as a result of the same error. To distinguish them from the inhabitants of India they were to be called Amerindians or Red Indians. The islands are divided into three major groups: the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, and the Lesser Antilles. The Greater Antilles consist of Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica, and all the rest, except the Bahamas, are included in the group of Lesser Antilles, and were also called the C aribee Islands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The name West Indies is often loosely applied to the mainland territories of South and Central America (the Spanish Main) and in the past was even applied to those in North America. The name America has been used as including the West Indies. The British use of Windward Islands and Leeward Islands has brought up confusion. The Spaniards correctly called all the eastern islands of the West Indian chain the Windward Islands, Islas de Balovento, and the small islands close to the northern shores of South America the Leeward Islands, Islas de Sotavento.

Philippine Customs History Essay

Historical records show that the Philippine Customs Service started many centuries back long before the Philippines was discovered by the eastern and western expeditionaries. The Philippines had already a flourishing trade with countries of Southeast Asia, but since money at that time was not yet the medium of exchange, people then resorted to the barter system of commodities. The rulers of the barangays were known as the â€Å"datus† or â€Å"rajahs† collected tributes from the people before they were allowed to engage in their trade. The practice of collecting tributes became part of their culture and was then observed and followed as the Customs Law of the Land. The Spanish Regime After Spain had taken full control of almost all the trades of the country, it passed three important statutes: 1.Spanish Customs Law which was similar to that of the Indies enforced in the country from 1582 to 1828. It was a concept of ad valorem levied on import and export. 2.A Tariff Board was established which drew up a tariff of fixed values for all imported articles on which ten percent (10%) ad valorem duty was uniformly collected. 3.Another Tariff Law was introduced in 1891, which established the specific duties on all imports and on certain exports and this lasted till the end of the Spanish rule in the Philippines. The American Regime When the Americans came to the Philippines, the Military Government continued to enforce the Spanish Tariff Code of 1891, which remained in effect until the Philippine Commission enacted the Tariff Revision Law of 1901. On October 24, 1900, the Philippine Commission passed Act No. 33 abolishing and changing the position of Captain of the Port to Collector of Customs in all ports of entry except the Port of Manila. The designation of the Captain of the Port in the Port of Manila was retained. When the Civil Government was established in the Philippines, the most important laws passed by the Philippine Commission were the following: 1.Tariff Revision Law of 1902 based on the theory that the laws of Spain were not as comprehensive as the American Customs Laws to conform with the existing conditions of the country. 2.Philippine Administrative Act No. 355 passed by the Philippine Commission on February 6, 1902. The full implementation of this Act, however, was considered inadequate and incomplete, so the Customs Service Act No. 355, called the Philippine Customs Service Act was passed to amend the previous laws. After several modifications and amendments, the Philippine Customs Service finally became a practical counterpart of the American Customs Service. 3.Act No. 357 reorganized the Philippine Customs Service and officially designated the Insular Collector of Customs as Collector of Customs for the Port of Manila. 4.Act No. 625 abolished the Captain of the Port for the Port of Manila. 5.Public Act No. 430 transformed the Philippine Customs Service to a Bureau of Customs and Immigration under the supervision and control of the Department of Finance and Justice. When the Department of Justice became a separate office from the Department of Finance, te Customs Service remained under the umbrella of the latter which set-up remained up to this time. The Commonwealth Government After the Commonwealth Government was established in the country, the Philippine Legislature enacted Commonwealth Act No. 613 forming the Bureau of Immigration as a separate office from the Bureau of Customs. On May 1, 1947, the Bureau of Customs has as its head the Insular Collector of Customs. He was assisted by the Deputy Insular Collector of Customs. Both officials were concurrently Collector of Customs and the Deputy Collector of Customs of the Port of Manila. The Republic Pursuant to the Executive Order No. 94 of Republic Act No. 52, the President of the Philippines reorganized the different departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government of the Republic of the Philippines. Consequently, the Insular Collector of Customs was changed to Collector of Customs for the Port of Manila. The reorganization took effect on July 1, 1947. In 1957, Congress enacted the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines known as Republic Act No. 1937, otherwise known as the â€Å"Tariff Law of the Republic of the Philippines†. This took effect on July 1, 1957. The passage of this act by the defunct Congress of the Philippines subject to the provisions of the Laurel-Langley Agreement, became the first official expression of an autonomous Philippine Tariff Policy. Before the passage of Republic Act 1937, all importations from the United States enjoyed full exemptions pursuant to the Tariff Act No. 1902 which was adopted by Republic Act No. 3 as the Tariff Laws of the Philippines. The Republic Pursuant to the Executive Order No. 94 of Republic Act No. 52, the President of the Philippines reorganized the different departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government of the Republic of the Philippines. Consequently, the Insular Collector of Customs was changed to Collector of Customs for the Port of Manila. The reorganization took effect on July 1, 1947. I n 1957, Congress enacted the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines known as Republic Act No. 1937, otherwise known as the â€Å"Tariff Law of the Republic of the Philippines†. This took effect on July 1, 1957. The passage of this act by the defunct Congress of the Philippines subject to the provisions of the Laurel-Langley Agreement, became the first official expression of an autonomous Philippine Tariff Policy. Before the passage of Republic Act 1937, all importations from the United States enjoyed full exemptions pursuant to the Tariff Act No. 1902 which was adopted by Republic Act No. 3 as the Tariff Laws of the Philippines. The Reorganization of the Bureau of Customs On February 4, 1965, the Bureau of Customs was reorganized pursuant to Customs Administrative Order No. 4-65 by authority if Sec. 550 & 551 of the Revised Administrative Code of Republic Act 4164. During the reorganization, offices under the direct supervision and control of the Commissioner were elevated to Department Level with ranks higher than Division Level. These Departments were the following: Public Relations, Personnel, Legal, Administrative Service, Budget and Finance, and the Management Improvement. Likewise, three (3) ranking Customs positions were created, namely: Assistant Commissioner for Revenue, Assistant Commissioner for Security, and Director for Operations. Later, Customs Administrative Order No. 4065 was amended abolishing the position of Assistant Commissioner for Security and creating the position of Director for Administration. In 1972, Congress passed the law revising the Tariff & Customs Code of the Philippines. However, before it can be implemented, the President of the Republic of the Philippines issued Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972 declaring Martial Law in the country. On October 27, 1972, President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 34 amending the Tariff & Customs Code of the Philippines. The new Code took effect on November 26, 1972 except for Section 104 thereof which became effective only on January 1, 1973. Another reorganization of the Bureau of Customs took effect on September 24, 1972, pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1 creating six (6) Customs Services under the Office of the Commissioner and creating jurisdictional limits of twelve (12) collection districts with the Principal Ports and Sub-ports of entry under the supervision and control of the Collector of the Principal Port of Entry. As a result of this reorganization, the designation of heads of different services was called Customs Service Chiefs, and heads of offices with rank of division were designated Customs Operations Chiefs and the Head of the National Customs Police as Director. It was in this reorganizational set-up that the Directors for Administration and Operations, and the Assistant Commissioner for Revenue were abolished. In 1975, the Bureau undertook another reorganization under Presidential Decree No. 689 and the result is what you see now in the Organization Chart, except for some slight changes and modifications. On June 11, 1978, the Tariff & Customs Code was further amended, modified and supplemented by new positions to make it a responsive code in keeping with the developmental programs of the New Society. The new Code was embodied in Presidential Decree No. 1464. With the accession of the Philippines to the Customs Co-Operation Council (CCC), the Tariff & Customs Code has to be revised anew in order to align our tariff system with the CCC Nomenclature, and the result is the presently enforced Tariff & Customs Code of 1982, revised by virtue of Executive Order No. 688. This new Code also assimilated various amendments to the Customs Code under P.D. 1628 & 1980 as well as reprints of the tariff concessions under the General Agreement on Tariff Multilateral Agreement Negotiations as provided in Executive Order No. 578, series of 1980, and the tariff concessions granted to ASEAN member countries as embodied in various Executive Orders from 1978 to 1981. The last major reorganization of the Bureau took place in 1986 after the EDSA Revolution with the issuance of Executive Order No. 127 which expanded the organization umbrella of the Central Office by providing offices that will monitor and coordinate assessment and operations of the Bureau and provided for a staff of about 5,500 customs personnel. The implementation of the computerization program also necessitated the creation of a new Group to ensure its continuous development and progress. The creation of the Management Information System and Technology Group (MISTG) under a new Deputy Commissioner with 92 positions was authorized under Executive Order No. 463 dated January 9, 1998.

Free Essays on Exclusionary Rule

The Constitution of the United States was designed to protect citizens’ civil rights from infringement by the government and law enforcement agencies. The Constitution guarantees that the civil liberties of the people of this country shall be respected and upheld. That fact is often considered to be common knowledge and taken for granted by the vast majority of the population. However it was not always that way. American legislation is constantly growing and developing. New rules and practices are being developed and established. The exclusionary rule is considered to be the most vital to the protection of civil rights. The exclusionary rule is represented by the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution and it guarantees that illegally obtained evidence shall not be used against the accused. The history of the development of the exclusionary rule is one of the most fascinating examples of American legal evolution. The Fourth Amendment is believed to be one the cornerstones of the Constitution. It protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures, sets the framework for the warrant rule, and introduces the concept of probable cause into police procedures. The significance of the Fourth Amendment is difficult to overestimate. The warrant rule initiated a giant leap forward in the progress of democracy by abolishing the â€Å"general warrant† practice and restricting the invasion of privacy that citizens can be subjected to. The police can no longer engage into â€Å"fishing expeditions† against suspicious individuals and prosecute them based on the evidence obtained in direct violation of the Constitution. However, the exclusionary rule had a long history before it could adequately protect citizens. The rule met strong opposition from police officia ls and even some Supreme Court Justices before it became a valid legislation capable of providing adequate protection for citizens. Despite the overwhelming significance of the rights... Free Essays on Exclusionary Rule Free Essays on Exclusionary Rule The Constitution of the United States was designed to protect citizens’ civil rights from infringement by the government and law enforcement agencies. The Constitution guarantees that the civil liberties of the people of this country shall be respected and upheld. That fact is often considered to be common knowledge and taken for granted by the vast majority of the population. However it was not always that way. American legislation is constantly growing and developing. New rules and practices are being developed and established. The exclusionary rule is considered to be the most vital to the protection of civil rights. The exclusionary rule is represented by the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution and it guarantees that illegally obtained evidence shall not be used against the accused. The history of the development of the exclusionary rule is one of the most fascinating examples of American legal evolution. The Fourth Amendment is believed to be one the cornerstones of the Constitution. It protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures, sets the framework for the warrant rule, and introduces the concept of probable cause into police procedures. The significance of the Fourth Amendment is difficult to overestimate. The warrant rule initiated a giant leap forward in the progress of democracy by abolishing the â€Å"general warrant† practice and restricting the invasion of privacy that citizens can be subjected to. The police can no longer engage into â€Å"fishing expeditions† against suspicious individuals and prosecute them based on the evidence obtained in direct violation of the Constitution. However, the exclusionary rule had a long history before it could adequately protect citizens. The rule met strong opposition from police officia ls and even some Supreme Court Justices before it became a valid legislation capable of providing adequate protection for citizens. Despite the overwhelming significance of the rights...

Free Essays on Best Friend

Have you ever had someone in your life who helped you figure out who you were? Someone who showed you the right path. Someone who was there right next you even if you did not take that path. Someone who always seemed to be right, but never held it against you when you were not. Someone whom without your life would most likely be entirely different. I have. Her name was Melissa. Melissa was more than my neighbor. She was more than my mentor. She was my best friend. Melissa lived three houses down from me when I moved into a new neighborhood. She made moving to a new neighborhood a lot easier. She was one of those people who was friends with everybody. She was friends with everyone because she was so special. She was always in a good mood, always had something pleasant to say, and no matter what was going on, she could get you to smile. Melissa was a few years older than me but we were both young. I was in the fifth grade and she was in junior high when we met. She was tall for her age and practically towered over me. She almost always kept her long golden hair pulled back into a pony tail because she was a bit of a tomboy and liked to be athletic. But when she let it down and it waved in the gentle breeze, there was no doubt she was a girl. Her facial features were very soft, yet if you met her once, you would never forget her name. She also had the deepest green eyes that would sparkle so bright when she flashed her pearly white teeth, she would light up an entire room. Everywhere she was, there would be laughter, smiles and happiness spreading out like some sort of delightful virus. She would listen to you. She would be your friend, even if she just met you. I can not remember a time when she had something unpleasant to say about someone. That was one of many valuable lessons I learned from her and have made apart of my life. She seemed to know everything. Anytime I had a perplexing question I knew she would know what to tell me. Her w... Free Essays on Best Friend Free Essays on Best Friend Have you ever had someone in your life who helped you figure out who you were? Someone who showed you the right path. Someone who was there right next you even if you did not take that path. Someone who always seemed to be right, but never held it against you when you were not. Someone whom without your life would most likely be entirely different. I have. Her name was Melissa. Melissa was more than my neighbor. She was more than my mentor. She was my best friend. Melissa lived three houses down from me when I moved into a new neighborhood. She made moving to a new neighborhood a lot easier. She was one of those people who was friends with everybody. She was friends with everyone because she was so special. She was always in a good mood, always had something pleasant to say, and no matter what was going on, she could get you to smile. Melissa was a few years older than me but we were both young. I was in the fifth grade and she was in junior high when we met. She was tall for her age and practically towered over me. She almost always kept her long golden hair pulled back into a pony tail because she was a bit of a tomboy and liked to be athletic. But when she let it down and it waved in the gentle breeze, there was no doubt she was a girl. Her facial features were very soft, yet if you met her once, you would never forget her name. She also had the deepest green eyes that would sparkle so bright when she flashed her pearly white teeth, she would light up an entire room. Everywhere she was, there would be laughter, smiles and happiness spreading out like some sort of delightful virus. She would listen to you. She would be your friend, even if she just met you. I can not remember a time when she had something unpleasant to say about someone. That was one of many valuable lessons I learned from her and have made apart of my life. She seemed to know everything. Anytime I had a perplexing question I knew she would know what to tell me. Her w...

It is often said that a country's corporate legal framework is a Essay

It is often said that a country's corporate legal framework is a reflection of its socio-economic and political values. To wha - Essay Example In this case, corporate governance may favour certain people because they can afford to pay hefty bribes to government officials. Comparing corporate governance in the developed and developing countries, the former are accountable but the later are not. Digging deeper into the political and social-economic situations, people in the developing countries face unprecedented oppression from the very government they choose. It is therefore evident the corporate legal framework of a country reflect its social economic and political values. History of corporate governance Interest in corporate governance started after the Wall Street crash of 1929. Edwin Dodd, and Gardiner C and Adolf Augustus Berle, Jr. Gor very concerned with the Wall Street crash. These scholars were wondered the changes to introduce to modern corporations to protect the stakeholders and the employees. Another scholar, Ronald Coarse from the University of Chicago tried to understand how corporations operated. The main wa s to introduce measures to prevent corporation collapse.1 However, these concerned scholars could not do anything to change the corporations of the time. The American government introduced a set of rules but did nothing much at that time. After the world war two, a class of scholars in management, business and organizational behaviour continued studying modern corporations to come up with ways to make them better and accountable. At that time, some corporations in United States, United Kingdom and other developed countries started establishing branches in other countries. This made the companies complex in that accountability would become challenging. Like before, the scholars in the third quarter of the twentieth century did not do much regarding corporate governance.2 Corporate governance got the attention of the government and the public in the 1990s. In early 1990s, boards of large companies dismissed Chief Executive Officers. Some of the companies involved were Kodak, IBM and H oneywell. Around the same time, it emerged that companies were not accountable in any way. There was a belief that Chief Executive Officers had good relationships with the board of directors. As such, each of the two covered the other in the times of accountability. Emergence of these issues led to a wave of activism, initiated in California by the California Public Employees Retirement system (calPERS). The primary concern for this organization was stakeholders’ protection. The campaigns were making sense but the government did not do much regarding the case. However, this outcry made the government to be more cautious with corporations.3 In the United Kingdom, Steps towards corporate governance started in 1992 when the Financial Reporting Council set up a committee chaired by Sir Adrian Cadbury. The report recommended many things in relation to corporate governance. Some of the recommendations gained acceptance from the beginning but others got amendments along the way. The amendment of the company executives’ compensation clause in 1995 is a good example. Another report on corporate governance came up after the Hampell Report in 1998. Hampell reported evaluated the Cadbury and Greenburg reports and provide recommendations.4 Action on corporate governance became a serious issue in The United States in the early 21st century. Enron and WorldCom became bankrupt and other major companies including Tyco, Arthur Andersen, AOL, Global

English Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English Language - Essay Example English acts as a binding force and has been doing so for quite some time, apart from the United States, in countries like India and Australia too. India is a land of diverse cultures and myriad languages and in spite of the fact, has remained remarkably united. Some of its credit goes to the English language which was unanimously elected as the official language of the country. As for Australia, it is like America one huge melting pot of culturally and linguistically diverse people. English is the only unifying factor among the different immigrants of Australia. The Australian government has recently made it very clear that the acquisition of English is mandatory to people applying for its citizenship. Krauthammer C clearly points out in his article that "One of the major reasons for America's great success as the world's first "universal nation," for its astonishing and unmatched capacity for assimilating immigrants, has been that an automatic part of acculturation was the acquisition of English." Even though we may dismiss the intrinsic-power hypothesis that English possesses certain linguistic characteristics, which would make it the most preferred language on Earth as a racial claim, it nevertheless has to be considered. The simplicity of inflections in English and the flexibility of functions, which has grown over the last five centuries as a result of the loss of inflections, have greatly contributed to its dominance and popularity. One other inherent nature of English is the openness of its vocabulary which implies the free admission of words from other languages and the ready creation of compounds and derivatives. America therefore, is endowed with a unifying language which is indeed a blessing, as Krauthammer C points out But it has also blessed us, because of the accident of our origins, with a linguistic unity that brings a critically needed cohesion to a nation as diverse, multiracial and multiethnic as America." Though English spread all over the world because of exploitation and colonization, more than a billion people around the world today speak English. It is well on its way to becoming the world's language. Its cohesive powers to unite people from different countries, cultures and languages cannot be disputed. If America intends to successfully assimilate its diverse immigrants it cannot but expect the English language to give it a helping hand. Krauthammer C could not put it in a stronger way "English is the U.S.'s national and common language. But that may change over time unless we change our assimilation norms. Making English the official language is the first step toward establishing those norms."English has borrowed words and phrases from almost three-fourths of the world's languages and has both the genius and flexibility to make them its own. Every known language therefore, has something in common with English. What other world language has the same bonding and binding powers and also the right to be elected the "official" language of the US1 Euphemisms are words used to underplay the ugly. They are one of the ways through which we get a secret glance into a particular society's hypocrisy. If we observe them carefully in relation to the circumstances that give birth to them, it will be

Forecasting the Future of the US Economy Over the Next Year Research Paper

Forecasting the Future of the US Economy Over the Next Year - Research Paper Example However, the recovery of the U.S. has been expected to carry on, albeit at the sluggish pace (Elwell, 21). This paper is aimed at providing forecasts on the future of the US economic variables. Effects on economic variables: The level of inflation has been very high since 2007. This high level of inflation is now considered as the biggest problem in the country by the Fed. Due to this high level of inflation, consumers are not getting capable of purchasing costliest goods and services and hence business organisations which are engaged in production of these goods and services are leaving the industry. Again this is reducing the level of income in the country and hence the level of demand for necessary goods and service. The Fed is expecting to have a subdued in the next few years because of weaker level of real economic activities prevailing in the country. But the Fed is expecting to have a lower level of inflation rate in 2013 which is expected to increase the volume of economic ac tivities in the country. The Fed is expecting that the current rate of change in overall prices is expected to fall to 1% to 2% from its current level of 3% within five years. But the Fed is expecting that the rate of inflation will remain unresponsive in newt few years due to the fact the American economy is still under the curse of financial and economic crises situations (Minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee, 1). The Federal Reserve or Fed, in short, holds a very positive view regarding the current economic activities and the current condition of the financial market of the country. The chairman of the Fed, Dr. Ben S. Bernanke, has argued that after the global financial crisis of 2007-08, the American economy is experiencing greater volume of economic activities (Bernanke, 1). The IMF predicts the value of real GDP in the US to rise at 1.5% in 2011 (which is lower by1.0 percentage points than that of in June 2011 prediction) and at 1.8% in 2012 (which is lower by 1.1% tha n the June 2011 prediction) (Elwell, 21). The Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve predicts the real GDP in the year 2012 to exist in the range of between 2.3% and 3.5% (the growth prediction for the year 2012 almost about 0.5 percentage points lower than that has been made in the June 2011). Also according to the Fed predictions the rate of unemployment is estimated to be in the range between 8.1% and 8.9% in the year 2013 (Fiscal Year 2013: Analytical Perspective: Budget of the U.S. Government, 19). Global Insight, which is a renowned economic forecasting private company, has recently predicted that the real GDP in the US will advance 1.4% by the end of 2012 (lower by 1.3 percentage points compared to its June 2011 estimation). The rate of unemployment in the country has been estimated to be around 9.3% in the year 2012 and 2013 (Elwell, 21). The level of FDI in the country is not expected to grow at much rapid speed compared to the past. In the global increasing in the am ount of FDI inflow to $1.4–$1.6 trillion in the year 2013, the US inflow of FDI is predicted to move in the range of $245 to $255 billion in 2013 (GLOBAL INVESTMENT TRENDS, 17). Again, it is expected by the researchers that the rate of interest will remain comparatively low as well as stable in the next year following the rapid growth of developing countries. This increasing growth of countries such as India and China will increase the volume of trade in favor of USA. Also the corporate bonds and

Solving Interpersonal Communication Problems Essay Example for Free

Solving Interpersonal Communication Problems Essay Everything that we do with other people involves communication such that all our social interactions are communicative and they presume communication processes. Interpersonal communication is characterized by: communication from one individual to another, communication which is face to face and both the form and content of communication reflect the personal characteristics of the individual as well as their social roles and relationships (Ellis, 2009). Interpersonal communication develops relationships of some sort among the communicating parties for instance when there is high degree of trust among them, where each person is prepared to openly discuss their feelings and where the participants have a mutual liking toward each other (Hartley, 2005). In this case the kind of relationship created is that of teacher to student relationship. Both the teacher and the student have the responsibility of seeking clarification whether they understand each other to minimize conflicts between them. Interpersonal communication is always a two way process meaning that two parties must be involved. The parties pass messages to each other such that there is the sender and the recipient but this is not static since the sender also becomes the recipient to complete the communication process (Hartley, 2005). The geography teacher in this case acts as the source when teaching and the students as the recipients. On the other hand the situation can be reversed where the student becomes the source and the teacher the recipient, this happens when the student seeks clarification. Interpersonal communication is an ongoing process and not an event. However, during the process of communication several things may happen that may hinder or create problems such that the parties do not communicate as intended. In most cases these problems are termed as noise in the process of communication. They hinder the sender and the recipient from decoding the words and signs sent leading to misinterpretation of each other hence passing the wrong messages. For instance in the case where the geography teacher intends to communicate to students on probable examinable questions yet some other students do not understand the teacher and even though they are hardworking they end up failing the exam. In this scenario it can be concluded that some noise existed between the teacher and the students and the intended message was not communicated. The existence of communication problem between the teacher and the father of the student may be said to have resulted from anger of the father due to the son’s failure in the test and the information availed to the father by the son. The remedies to this interpersonal communication will also be discussed later in the paper. Problems of interpersonal communication Language barriers The complexities of language codes are often highlighted in communication across cultural boundaries. There are number barriers in interpersonal communication that are related to language. Among the most common include; lack of equivalent words where the sender and the receiver comes from different cultural backgrounds and they use same word to mean different things (Ellis, 2009), lack of equivalent grammar or syntax this may make the parties in the communication to misinterpret the information forwarded by each other. For instance same words may work as nouns or verbs or adjectives for example in English `lift a thumb’ or `thumb a lift’ in the first case the word a `thumb’ is a noun and in the second case a `thumb’ is verb. Use of idioms and similes may also cause misunderstanding as different culture use them differently. Pronunciation is also a major problem in interpersonal communication this may alter the meaning of the word for instance problems associated with pronunciation of `r’ and `l’ one may pronounce ‘right’ as `light’ (Bovee Thill, 2000). In a class context such pronunciation problems may make the students fail to communicate as intended. The language problems in the communications process are thus very common in classrooms for instance it’s common to find student having different class notes as they hear different things from their teachers. The language used by the geography teacher may have not been understood by the student who failed in the test; this creates a conflict between the student and the teacher and it’s escalated further to family of the student. Use of non-verbal signs Non-verbal communication is a type of communication which consists of unspoken cues that a communicator sends in conjunction with spoken or written message for example, a person’s tone of voice where the individual vary the tone of the voice by either making it loud or sharp, facial expression, eye behavior, head nodding, nose thumbing, thumb movement. In addition one’s postures and manner of walking also may have communication significance for instance a person may walk in a manner which indicates utter despair. Also the distance between two individual involved in private conversation shows the relationship between the two (Turner West, 2008). It is therefore the responsibilities of the receiver and the sender to decode the message passage so as to avoid misunderstanding. The receiver decodes and interprets the message sent and responds by sending back feedback which helps the sender to find out if the receiver has correctly interpreted the message. The problem arises where the receiver misinterprets the message sent since he or she will respond by wrong feedback. Such misinterpretation may arise since individual comes from different cultural background and a certain non-verbal communication may have a totally different meaning to other cultures, for instance nodding of the head in some culture symbolizes acceptance or agreement but in some cultures it symbolizes disagreement (Kalefleisch,1993). In a class context the teacher’s changes of tones, facial expressions or uses cues that they think will help them to communicate effectively. In hinting what topic will appear in the tests the expression made by the geography teacher may have been misunderstood by the students resulting in students revising in other topics which made them to fail the exam. Use of nonverbal cues at times thus poses a bid problem in interpersonal communication. Channel noise This problem is caused by physical barriers and is mostly due to our senses of smelling, touching, tasting, hearing and seeing. Among the common channel noise includes laughing talking, coughing, sneezing, and snoring such noise can be inside or outside the setting of the source and the recipient of the message. For instance an aircraft over a building or a lawn mower outside a classroom, people talking or yelling loudly in the hallways or outside windows it can be even murmuring of students in class in the class students noting may distract other from listening (Ellis, 2009). The speaker may also not be audible enough, may have inappropriate appearance or have bad mannerisms that contribute to poor communication with the audience. If the speaker keeps on jingling his keys from the pockets this is still noise that may distract effective communication (Campbell Nelson, 2010). A school has many activities going on at the same time for instance cleaning of pavements, students moving up and down to laboratories and respective classes, cutting or trimming of hedges outside the classroom or continuous murmuring or laughing of students in class. All these distract the student in one way or the other from the teacher hence causing the student to miss some of the teacher’s remarks. This means that communication is not effective. May be such noises distracted the student when the geography teacher hinted on the topic to appear in tests and this made the student not to capitalize on the hinted topic hence failing an exam which became the source of the conflict. Psychological noise/emotional problem It also presents barriers to communication. Nervousness and anxiety can sometimes in certain situations be barriers to communication as well as tension that may be caused by controversy or conflict. The source of the message may use words or phrases that may be viewed negatively by the other party. The topic of discussion may also be controversial or no appealing to the other party or the audience may feel that the speaker is biased hence he may lack interest in listening to the speaker (Hartley, 2005). On the other hand the topic of discussion may be boring and the person trying to communicate may also be boring this may make even the listener to start dozing or sleeping hence unable to hear the speaker’s main points. It also true that some people may not like the person trying to pass messages and so they pay little attention no matter the message intended to be communicated. At times psychological noise may result from the audiences habit of thinking of what is to happen next for instance may be they also have to address the audience or they have a test in the near future or the events that happened sometimes back. Fatigue, stress or sometimes wrong timing for instance too early in the morning, too close to lunchtime or too late in the day when the listener are tired and the listeners may be faking attentiveness hence not decoding the message (Huff, 2008). In class context for instance student fakes attentiveness to avoid being punished or to please their teachers. Such cases, the teacher may be cheated that the student have understood the message being passed to students yet this is not the case .The teacher leaves satisfied that the message has been passed. In our case the student who is failed to pass the test may had psychological problems when the teacher was explaining on the examinable topics in the tests hence failed to decode the message that was being passed on this left the teacher with the impression that all students were attentive and would pass exams if they capitalized on the taught areas but this was not the case since some students end up failing the test. In addition the problem of the communication between the teacher and the father of the student who failed the exam resulted from the irritation of the father due to his sons failure in the test, misunderstanding occurs when the father feels that the teacher has resp onsibility of making the student pass the test while may be the teacher felt that he communicated effectively to students on what to expect in the tests. Solutions to interpersonal communication problems Language problems should at all times is avoided when communication is taking place between individuals but the major concern is how to avoid them. The parties in a communication exercise should ensure that they use the words that have similar cross-cultural meanings so that misinterpretation is avoided. Use of idioms, similes and other figurative languages should also be avoided and if used they should explained and made sure that the recipient understands the message fully (Fussel Kreuz, 1998). Pronunciation problems can be avoided by the source only if he practices to pronounce words properly however in some contexts like in a class pronunciation can be solved by spelling the words used or writing on the board so that communication is made effective. In addition to these language problems the teacher should understands the language problems of his students so that assistance is given in special cases as the instincts of the teacher feel that they may not comprehend the terms used . Non-verbal cues are inherent in any communication process and people should not always assume that they understand what gestures means otherwise the fail to comprehend the message sent. In order to avoid the problems associated with nonverbal signs the recipient should pay attention to what is being said since most nonverbal cues are aimed to emphasize a verbal message. For instance in class context a teacher may raise the voice to underscore something previously said. In addition it should be made sure that nonverbal and verbal messages match to avoid miscoding and misinterpretation. People should also be tentative in interpreting nonverbal communication due to the cultural differences in nonverbal cues. It also advisable to avoid non-verbal distractions when communicating since it at times act as noise in interpersonal communication. For instance shifting your eyes or continuously playing with one’s hair may add other meanings in the message being conveyed. Non-verbal signs should also be put in context when using them. Attention should pay on non-verbal cues but they should place in the right context. To understand what nonverbal cues means one should consider the entire communication process not just on element of it and we also need to ask others about what certain nonverbal cues mean in their culture (Turner West, 2008). In order to avoid psychological problems in interpersonal communication it advisable that to ensure that the parties in the communication process are psychologically prepared and they understand each other situation to avoid conflicting communication. The parties in the communication process should ensure that their topic of discussion is relevant, not boring and well timed to avoid distractions to other issues. It’s also advisable that all parties are actively engaged for instance in class the teacher should engage students with questions to make sure that they do not fake attentiveness. In addition the case of parent teacher miscommunication, the parent should always be psychologically prepared that a student can fail or pass a test and it’s not always the fate of a teacher for student failure. To avoid psychological problem in interpersonal communication the parties should ensure that they know their feelings, analyses the situation, owning their feelings reframing w hen needed and empathizing such practices are complex activities that involve sensitivity, awareness, insight and empathy therefore just like any proficiency, emotional communication require patience and persistence (West Turner, 2008). Solution to the channel noise can only be rectified by making sure the right channel to communication is used. The parties in the communication process should ensure that conducive environment exists so that communication is effective. In this case internal settings of the class should have minimal noise only that cannot be controlled. The teacher should take the responsibility of ensuring source of noise such as murmuring is minimized; however little can be done on external settings since other activities must take place (Aswathappa, 2005). If in our case external noise is too high the teacher ought to raise his voice or the student to have asked the points missed for effective communication to take place. Conclusion Interpersonal communication is vital in developing relationships among individuals since every social interaction involves communication. As said earlier it involves at least two individuals passing messages to each other. Individual must be ready to express their feelings and emotions for interpersonal communication to be said to occur. It’s a cyclic process that is continuous from source to recipient and vice versa where the recipient becomes the source and the source the recipient for the process to complete. Interpersonal communicational though very important and inevitable in our day to day activities has certain problems that hinder effective communication to occur between individuals. These problems include: Language problems, channel related problems, non-verbal cues interpretation problems and psychological and emotional problem such as anger love and pretense. These problems if not well checked makes the communication between individual to deviate from the original intentions and they need to be checked every time individuals are communicating to avoid conflicts for instance the one that emerged between the teacher and student. Read more: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/solving-problems-of-interpersonal-communication-problems-english-language-essay.php#ixzz2LX8NPmck